"Both exposed groups exhibited a significant decrease in sperm concentration and motility (P<0.001) compared to the Control group."
"The 24 GHz group had a lower pregnancy rate, whereas the 3.5 GHz group showed a lower live birth rate. Congenital anomalies were observed in the 3.5 GHz group, whereas the 24 GHz group presented significantly lower birth weights (P< 0.001)."
"The findings suggest prolonged exposure to 5G frequencies may have a negative impact on male fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and the birth metrics."
Exposure
"The male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6) in each group: a sham-exposed Control group and two exposure groups receiving 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz signals."
"The exposure procedure was conducted in the radiation room for 7 h daily over 60 d. No blinding was applied during the experimental procedures."
"The 3.5 GHz group was exposed using an omnidirectional microstrip antenna ( Supplementary Fig. 1 ) , operating at 22 dBm output power."
"The 24 GHz exposed group utilized a 24 GHz Tuya WiFi Smart Human Presence Detector (Shenzhen, China), equipped with an LD2420 24G mmWave antenna capable of emitting a 24 GHz signal. This antenna operates at an 11 dBm output power and represents the higher end of the 5G technology spectrum, operating within the mmWaves radiation range."
"The exposure device was positioned 20 cm from the animal cages ( Supplementary Fig. 2 ) , consistent with previous rodent studies."
"Additionally, this distance was also aligned with international safety guidelines from the United States Federal Communications Commission (US FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)."
Effects of 5G frequencies on sperm parameters, mating success, and offspring outcomes in rats
Hairulazam A, Ibrahim SF, Osman K, Mokhtar MH, Zulkefli AF, Ros MFM, Jamaludin N, Taha SMAS, Vijay S, Zakaria Z, Bahar AAM, Jaffar FHF (2026) The Indian Journal of Medical Research Journal Level 0ⓘ
