"From 4220 records, screening and updated searches yielded 88 eligible studies."
"Included studies used multiple rat and mouse strains exposed to 800-24,000 MHz RF-EMR, with reported specific absorption rates of 0.014-34 W/kg."
"Evaluated outcomes included sperm parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, apoptosis, testicular histopathology, and hormonal indices."
"Current evidence suggests biologically plausible signals but does not support a uniform causal interpretation."
Influence of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Spermatogenesis and Sperm Function in Rodent Models: A Systematic Review
Naderi et al. (2026) Reproductive Toxicology Journal Level 1ⓘ