"Non-chemical environmental endocrine stressors, including electromagnetic fields, noise, artificial light at night, and thermal stress, can disrupt endocrine homeostasis, alter neuroendocrine and hormonal function, affect signaling pathways, oxidative stress responses, and circadian rhythms."
"Unlike classical EDCs, which primarily exert their effects by direct binding to hormone receptors and metabolic enzymes, non-chemical endocrine disruptors predominantly act through central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-organ axes."
Non-chemical, chemical, and biochemical, endocrine disruptors: biphasic health effects and pathophysiological insights
Ulusu NN (2026) Frontiers in Endocrinology Journal Level 1ⓘ
