A Neurotoxicity Research systematic review of 41 in vitro and in vivo studies on high-frequency RF-EMF (300 MHz-300 GHz, including mmWave/5G frequencies) reports mostly null findings at ICNIRP-compliant exposure levels, while three studies reported effects below guideline thresholds that the authors say may warrant further investigation.
The authors emphasize that methodological heterogeneity, inadequate dosimetry and limited independent replication constrain confidence in both positive and negative findings, and call for standardized experiments, especially for mmWave frequencies above 6 GHz where data remain sparse.
"At specific absorption rate (SAR) levels at or below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) general public exposure guidelines (2 W/kg averaged over 10 g), the majority of studies (27/41, 66%) found no statistically significant effects on neuroinflammatory markers, microglial morphology, or calcium signaling."
"Three studies (7%) reported effects below guideline thresholds that may warrant further investigation."
"Methodological heterogeneity, inadequate dosimetry, and limited independent replication constrain confidence in both positive and negative findings."
"Standardized, rigorously controlled experimental studies are needed, particularly for mmWave frequencies (> 6 GHz) where data are sparse."
Biological Effects of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on CNS Function and Neuroimmune Responses: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies.
Fang S, Chen S (2026) Neurotoxicity Research Journal Level 1ⓘ
